[[arabic]]
 
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====== The Arabic Language ====== ====== The Arabic Language ======
-{{arabic_speaking_world.png|}}+{{ arabic_speaking_world.png|}}
''//__Green__: Sole official language __Blue__: One of many official languages//'' ''//__Green__: Sole official language __Blue__: One of many official languages//''
((Wikipedia, Arabic: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic)) ((Wikipedia, Arabic: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic))
===== Arab World ===== ===== Arab World =====
-Arabic is the official language of 25 countries, the third most in the world after English and French. Arabic is spoken in Algeria, Bahrain, Chad, Egypt, Eritrea, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Palestinian territories, Qatar, [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabia]], [[somalia:somali_bantu|Somalia]], Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Western Sahara, and Yemen. Modern Arabic is considered to be a macrolanguage, with 27 sub-languages. These varieties are spoken throughout the Arab world. Standard Arabic is widely studied and used throughout the Islamic world. It is estimated that there are over 225 million native speakers of Arabic and as many as 246 million non-native speakers. +Arabic is the official language of 25 countries, the third most in the world after English and French. Arabic is spoken in Algeria, Bahrain, Chad, Egypt, Eritrea, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Palestinian territories, Qatar, [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabia]], [[somalia_somali_bantu|Somalia]], Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Western Sahara, and Yemen. Modern Arabic is considered to be a macrolanguage, with 27 sub-languages. These varieties are spoken throughout the Arab world. Standard Arabic is widely studied and used throughout the Islamic world. It is estimated that there are over 225 million native speakers of Arabic and as many as 246 million non-native speakers.
((Arabic-Language.org, Arabic Language Facts: http://www.arabic-language.org/arabic/facts.asp)) ((Arabic-Language.org, Arabic Language Facts: http://www.arabic-language.org/arabic/facts.asp))
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There are three distinct forms of Arabic. Classical (Qur’anical) Arabic, Modern (Formal) Standard Arabic and Colloquial (Spoken) Arabic. Classical Arabic is the form of Arabic found in the Qur’an. It is not used in conversation or in non-religious writing. Classical Arabic is primarily learned for reading and reciting Islamic religious texts. There are three distinct forms of Arabic. Classical (Qur’anical) Arabic, Modern (Formal) Standard Arabic and Colloquial (Spoken) Arabic. Classical Arabic is the form of Arabic found in the Qur’an. It is not used in conversation or in non-religious writing. Classical Arabic is primarily learned for reading and reciting Islamic religious texts.
((Statemaster Encyclopedia, Arabic Language: http://www.statemaster.com/encyclopedia/Arabic-language)) ((Statemaster Encyclopedia, Arabic Language: http://www.statemaster.com/encyclopedia/Arabic-language))
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=====Diglossia===== =====Diglossia=====
-Modern Standard Arabic is considered of high prestige, and the local colloquial dialects are considered of low prestige. Speakers use a certain variety depending on the social context. This daily use of two languages causes code-switching in the same conversation or even sentence to better suit the topic or meaning of what they want to say.+Diglossia is defined as "the use of two varieties of a language by members of a society for distinct functions or by distinct groups or classes of people."((Companion Website for Cultural Anthropology: Global Forces, Local Lives, Routledge, 2009.: http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415485395/glossary.asp))
-====== Language ====== 
-The Arabic language can be divided into three self-contained categories: +Modern Standard Arabic is considered of high prestige, and the local colloquial dialects are considered of low prestige. Speakers use a certain variety depending on the social context. This daily use of two languages results in "code-switching" (the speaker uses words from both languages) within the same conversation or even sentence to better suit the topic or meaning of what they want to say.
-  * nouns (includes nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs) +====== Language ======
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-  * verbs +
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-  * particles, articles, and conjunctions+
===== Phonology ===== ===== Phonology =====
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 +{{ vowels.png|}}
**Vowels** **Vowels**
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Modern Standard Arabic has three vowels, with long and short forms of /a/, /i/, and /u/. Short vowels in Arabic are typically not written except in sacred texts (such as the Qurʼan, where they must be written). There are also two diphthongs: /aj/ and /aw/ (formed by a combination of short /a/ with the semivowels /j/ and /w/). Modern Standard Arabic has three vowels, with long and short forms of /a/, /i/, and /u/. Short vowels in Arabic are typically not written except in sacred texts (such as the Qurʼan, where they must be written). There are also two diphthongs: /aj/ and /aw/ (formed by a combination of short /a/ with the semivowels /j/ and /w/).
-{{vowels.png|}} 
**Consonants** **Consonants**
-Arabic consists of short and long consonants. Long consonants are the same as the short, they just last for a longer duration. While pronunciation of the 28 consonants depends on dialect, most are pronounced with a high degree of regularity. The consonants in Arabic are rich in uvular, pharyngeal, and pharyngealized ("emphatic") sounds. The presence of simultaneous velarization and pharyngealization during the  production of consonants. is referred to as "Retracted Tongue Root". ((Wikipedia, Arabic Language: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic))+{{ consonants.png|}}
-{{consonants.png|}}+Arabic consists of short and long consonants. Long consonants are produced in the same way as the short consonants, but have a longer duration. While pronunciation of the 28 consonants depends on dialect, most are pronounced with a high degree of regularity. Unlike English, Arabic contains a number of uvular, pharyngeal, and pharyngealized ("emphatic") consonants. The presence of simultaneous velarization and pharyngealization during the  production of consonants. is referred to as "Retracted Tongue Root". ((Wikipedia, Arabic Language: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic))
**Syllable Structure** **Syllable Structure**
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In Standard Arabic, word stress is not phonemically contrastive. In Standard Arabic, word stress is not phonemically contrastive.
-===== Morphology ===== 
-Particles are completely unpredictable and have no patterns. They also do not go through any morphophonemic changes. Therefore, they must be memorized. There are fewer than one hundred particles in Arabic.+Click here to visit a webpage containing [[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/arabic.htm| sample audio recordings]] of an Arabic speaker.
-Nouns and verbs do have systematic morphophonemic rules that govern them. However, pronouns typically don't follow this system. Each noun and verb is made up of a certain set of base letters.  Verbs can have either 3 or 4 base letters. Nouns can have 3, 4, or 5. Extra letters can be added to the base letters and they can be dropped or changed due to morphophonemic rules as well. Adding letters can add more meaning, insight, or significance to the basic meaning of the the root letters. Examples of nouns and verbs with added, changed, and dropped letters are found in the figure below.+Click here to [[http://asha.org/practice/multicultural/Phono.htm|visit the ASHA Website]] and download a PDF of a phonemic inventory of the Arabic language. 
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 +===== Morphology ===== 
 + 
 +Nouns and verbs are governed by systematic morphophonemic rules. However, pronouns typically don't follow this system. Each noun and verb is made up of a certain set of base letters.  Verbs can have either 3 or 4 base letters. Nouns can have 3, 4, or 5. Extra letters can be added to the base letters and they can be dropped or changed due to morphophonemic rules as well. Adding letters can add more meaning, insight, or significance to the basic meaning of the the root letters. Examples of nouns and verbs with added, changed, and dropped letters are found in the figure below.
((Learn Arabic Online, Introduction to Arabic Morphology: http://www.learnarabiconline.com/arabic-morphology-introduction.shtml)) ((Learn Arabic Online, Introduction to Arabic Morphology: http://www.learnarabiconline.com/arabic-morphology-introduction.shtml))
{{arabic_morphology.png|}} {{arabic_morphology.png|}}
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 +Grammatical particles* are completely unpredictable and have no patterns. They also do not go through any morphophonemic changes. Therefore, they must be memorized. There are fewer than one hundred particles in Arabic.
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 +* (also called "function words" The infinitive marker "to" and the negater "not" are examples of English particles.)((Wikipedia, Grammatical Particle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_particle))
===== Syntax ===== ===== Syntax =====
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**Writing System** **Writing System**
-Arabic is written from right to left in a cursive style (calligraphy is still used and highly regarded) and consists of 28 letters. Arabic script has been adopted for many different languages. The following map represents countries that use Arabic script as the official orthography (dark green) or alongside other orthographies (light green).+Modern Standard Arabic is written from right to left in a cursive style (calligraphy is still used and highly regarded) and consists of 28 letters. While there are several styles of script, Ruq'ah is the most commonly used in handwriting. The Naskh style is what is typically used in print and on computers. Arabic script has been adopted for many different languages. The following map represents countries that use Arabic script as the official orthography (dark green) or alongside other orthographies (light green).
((Statemaster Encyclopedia, Arabic Writing System: http://www.statemaster.com/encyclopedia/Arabic-language#Writing_system)) ((Statemaster Encyclopedia, Arabic Writing System: http://www.statemaster.com/encyclopedia/Arabic-language#Writing_system))
-{{400px-arabic_alphabet_world_distribution.png|}} +{{ 400px-arabic_alphabet_world_distribution.png|}}
**Alphabet** **Alphabet**
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{{arabic.gif|}} {{arabic.gif|}}
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===== Dialects ===== ===== Dialects =====
-Colloquial dialects are generally only spoken languages. People who speak Arabic use the colloquial language in their daily interactions, but Modern Standard Arabic is used in formal situations. Colloquial language is what Arabic speakers learn as their L1 and then Modern Standard Arabic is learned based on Classical or Quranic Arabic. While there can be differences between the various colloquial dialects, Standard Arabic is the same throughout the Arab World. Some of the colloquial language differences are so great that dialects can be mutually unintelligible. The major dialects are:((Arabic-Language.org, Arabic Dialects: http://www.arabic-language.org/arabic/dialects.asp))+[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arab_World-Large.PNG|{{ arab_world.png}}]] 
 + 
 +Colloquial dialects are generally only spoken languages. People who speak Arabic use the colloquial language in their daily interactions, but Modern Standard Arabic is used in formal situations. Colloquial language is what Arabic speakers learn as their L1 (first language spoken at home) and then Modern Standard Arabic is learned based on Classical or Quranic Arabic. While there can be differences between the various colloquial dialects, Standard Arabic is the same throughout the Arab World. Some of the colloquial language differences are so great that dialects can be mutually unintelligible. The major dialects are:((Arabic-Language.org, Arabic Dialects: http://www.arabic-language.org/arabic/dialects.asp))
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  * Najdi Arabic   * Najdi Arabic
  * Yemeni Arabic   * Yemeni Arabic
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===== Slang and Phrases ===== ===== Slang and Phrases =====
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  * Shonak?/Shonik? [M/F]: how are you?   * Shonak?/Shonik? [M/F]: how are you?
  * Kafe al haal?: how are you?   * Kafe al haal?: how are you?
 +  * Very Well: tamam, bikhair
 +  * What is your name?: ma ismiki (f)
 +  * My name is...: ismee
  * Alhamdo lillah: thanks God   * Alhamdo lillah: thanks God
-  * Safiya Dafiya: everything is fine (literally means: sunny and warm)+  * Safiya Dafiya: everything is fine (literally means: sunny and warm) ((Arabic-Language.org, Arabic Slang: http://www.arabic-language.org/arabic/slang.asp)) 
 +
 +===== Body Language & Gesture =====
 +The messages embedded in body language and gesture are far from universal. People who make the assumption that gestures are the same regardless of language spoken run the risk of unintentionally sending a nonverbal message that is misinterpreted by, or even offensive to, the recipient. For example:
-===== Gesture =====+  * The "OK" hand sign used in the US to indicate that something is good is the same as an Arab sign for the evil eye that is used in conjunction with curses.
-The "OK" hand sign used in the US is the same as an Arab sign for the evil eye that is used in conjunction with curses.((Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence, US Army Training and Doctrine Command. (January 2006). TRADOC DCSINT Handbook No. 2, Arab Cultural Awareness, 58 Factsheets. Retrieved March 1, 2010, from http://fas.org/irp/agency/army/)) +  * A quick upward movement of the head accompanied by a click of the tongue is used to indicate "no" in Arab culture, which could be mistaken for nodding "yes" in the U.S. 
 + 
 +  * In the U.S., sitting in a chair with one foot placed on the opposite knee is a relatively common and innocuous posture. In Arab culture, it is considered an insult to those around you to show the soles of the feet while sitting.((Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence, US Army Training and Doctrine Command. (January 2006). TRADOC DCSINT Handbook No. 2, Arab Cultural Awareness, 58 Factsheets. Retrieved March 1, 2010, from http://fas.org/irp/agency/army/))
====== Demographics of Arab-Americans ====== ====== Demographics of Arab-Americans ======
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 +{{ 450px-pctarab.png|}}
According to the American Arab Institute there are over 3.5 million people of Arab ancestry living in America. The 2000 U.S. Census reported that over 6,000 Arab-Americans live in Oregon, over 8,000 in Washington, and over 140,000 in California. The census stated that these numbers were likely under-reported and since 2000 have significantly increased. For example, a recent survey suggests that there are over 700,000 Arab Americans currently living in California. According to the American Arab Institute there are over 3.5 million people of Arab ancestry living in America. The 2000 U.S. Census reported that over 6,000 Arab-Americans live in Oregon, over 8,000 in Washington, and over 140,000 in California. The census stated that these numbers were likely under-reported and since 2000 have significantly increased. For example, a recent survey suggests that there are over 700,000 Arab Americans currently living in California.
((Arab American Institute, Arab American Demographics: http://www.aaiusa.org/arab-americans/22/demographics)) ((Arab American Institute, Arab American Demographics: http://www.aaiusa.org/arab-americans/22/demographics))
-{{450px-pctarab.png|}} 
===== Education ===== ===== Education =====
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===== Family Structure ===== ===== Family Structure =====
Loyalty to family and the extended clan is a strong value in Arab culture. The family structure is patriarchal and hierarchical. Boys are favored over girls and are expected to care for their parents in their old age. Women are subordinate to their husbands and male relatives. Some Arab American families expect their members to strictly adhere to these traditional gender roles, while others allow for more equality between the sexes. ((Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence, US Army Training and Doctrine Command. (January 2006). TRADOC DCSINT Handbook No. 2, Arab Cultural Awareness, 58 Factsheets. Retrieved March 1, 2010, from http://fas.org/irp/agency/army/)) Loyalty to family and the extended clan is a strong value in Arab culture. The family structure is patriarchal and hierarchical. Boys are favored over girls and are expected to care for their parents in their old age. Women are subordinate to their husbands and male relatives. Some Arab American families expect their members to strictly adhere to these traditional gender roles, while others allow for more equality between the sexes. ((Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence, US Army Training and Doctrine Command. (January 2006). TRADOC DCSINT Handbook No. 2, Arab Cultural Awareness, 58 Factsheets. Retrieved March 1, 2010, from http://fas.org/irp/agency/army/))
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===== Social Etiquette ===== ===== Social Etiquette =====
-The Arab concept of personal space is very different from that of mainstream US culture. Men stand close together, and it is considered rude to step or lean away. Much greater distance is expected between the sexes, and a man should not stand too close, stare at, or touch a woman.+The Arab concept of personal space is very different from that of mainstream US culture. People of the same sex stand close together, and it is considered rude to step or lean away. Men who are friends or colleagues may hold hands as they walk together. Much greater distance is expected between the sexes, however, and a man should not stand too close, stare at, or touch a woman.
It takes time to establish mutual respect and trust. Social niceties should not be rushed, particularly when meeting for the first time. It takes time to establish mutual respect and trust. Social niceties should not be rushed, particularly when meeting for the first time.
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Food and drink are offered to guests, and it is customary to accept at least a small amount of the offered refreshment. When serving or passing food and beverages, use the right hand only. It is customary to leave a little something on the plate. Food and drink are offered to guests, and it is customary to accept at least a small amount of the offered refreshment. When serving or passing food and beverages, use the right hand only. It is customary to leave a little something on the plate.
-It is considered rude to show the soles of your feet when sitting.((Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence, US Army Training and Doctrine Command. (January 2006). TRADOC DCSINT Handbook No. 2, Arab Cultural Awareness, 58 Factsheets. Retrieved March 1, 2010, from http://fas.org/irp/agency/army/)) +((Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence, US Army Training and Doctrine Command. (January 2006). TRADOC DCSINT Handbook No. 2, Arab Cultural Awareness, 58 Factsheets. Retrieved March 1, 2010, from http://fas.org/irp/agency/army/))
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====== Considerations for Speech-Language Pathologists ====== ====== Considerations for Speech-Language Pathologists ======
  * The Arab-speaking world encompasses people with a wide range of religious beliefs, ethnicities, and lifestyles. Don't make assumptions about people based solely on their native language.   * The Arab-speaking world encompasses people with a wide range of religious beliefs, ethnicities, and lifestyles. Don't make assumptions about people based solely on their native language.
 +  * When assessing an Arabic speaker it is important to keep in mind that there are many dialects in Arabic and many phonological variations exist between them.
  * Male clinicians should be particularly sensitive to an Arab woman's expectation of privacy and personal space - for example, it may be considered highly inappropriate for a man to initiate shaking hands with a woman.((Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence, US Army Training and Doctrine Command. (January 2006). TRADOC DCSINT Handbook No. 2, Arab Cultural Awareness, 58 Factsheets. Retrieved March 1, 2010, from http://fas.org/irp/agency/army/))   * Male clinicians should be particularly sensitive to an Arab woman's expectation of privacy and personal space - for example, it may be considered highly inappropriate for a man to initiate shaking hands with a woman.((Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence, US Army Training and Doctrine Command. (January 2006). TRADOC DCSINT Handbook No. 2, Arab Cultural Awareness, 58 Factsheets. Retrieved March 1, 2010, from http://fas.org/irp/agency/army/))
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  * While syntactical rules for spoken Arabic are similar to those of English, rules are different for written Arabic.   * While syntactical rules for spoken Arabic are similar to those of English, rules are different for written Arabic.
-  * Arabic script is written from right to left.+  * Arabic script is written from right to left. This could result in some confusion when asking a child to point to the "first" item on a page. 
 +  * Arabic contains some different consonants than English as well as fewer vowels. This will affect pronunciation of English words. For example, Arabic speakers typically will substitute b for p; s for voiceless th; z or d for voiced th; and sh for ch.((Rockwood School District ESOL K-5 Curriculum. Retrieved March 13, 2010, from http://www.rockwood.k12.mo.us/curriculum/worldlanguages/Pages/default.aspx)) 
 +  * Phonemes in English that are not found in Arabic include: /p/, /v/, /ɹ/, /ʒ/, /g/, and /ŋ/. 
 +  * In Standard Arabic, word stress is not phonemically contrastive. English language learners whose L1 is Arabic may need explicit instruction in correct usage of word stress in English.
  * In Arab culture, words have power and talking about unpleasant things is thus avoided. Clients and families may be uncomfortable talking about a diagnosis of a disorder.((Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence, US Army Training and Doctrine Command. (January 2006). TRADOC DCSINT Handbook No. 2, Arab Cultural Awareness, 58 Factsheets. Retrieved March 1, 2010, from http://fas.org/irp/agency/army/))   * In Arab culture, words have power and talking about unpleasant things is thus avoided. Clients and families may be uncomfortable talking about a diagnosis of a disorder.((Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence, US Army Training and Doctrine Command. (January 2006). TRADOC DCSINT Handbook No. 2, Arab Cultural Awareness, 58 Factsheets. Retrieved March 1, 2010, from http://fas.org/irp/agency/army/))
  * Admitting ignorance is frowned on in Arab culture. Clients and family members may be reluctant to say "I don't know" in response to a question.((Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence, US Army Training and Doctrine Command. (January 2006). TRADOC DCSINT Handbook No. 2, Arab Cultural Awareness, 58 Factsheets. Retrieved March 1, 2010, from http://fas.org/irp/agency/army/))   * Admitting ignorance is frowned on in Arab culture. Clients and family members may be reluctant to say "I don't know" in response to a question.((Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence, US Army Training and Doctrine Command. (January 2006). TRADOC DCSINT Handbook No. 2, Arab Cultural Awareness, 58 Factsheets. Retrieved March 1, 2010, from http://fas.org/irp/agency/army/))
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 +  * An Arabic version of the Bilingual Aphasia Test is available from the [[http://www.mcgill.ca/linguistics/research/bat/|McGill University Website]]
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 +===== On this Website =====
 +Follow this link for more [[autism_spectrum_disorders_and_culture#Arabic speaking countries|info on autism spectrum disorders in Arabic speaking countries]].
-===== Websites =====+ 
 +===== Other Websites =====
http://www.arabic-language.org/\\ http://www.arabic-language.org/\\
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http://www.learnarabiconline.com/arabic-morphology-introduction.shtml\\ http://www.learnarabiconline.com/arabic-morphology-introduction.shtml\\
 +===== Books & Articles =====
 +  * Amayreh, M., & Dyson, A. (1998). The acquisition of Arabic Consonants. //Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 41//, pp. 642-–653.
 +  * Stetkevych, J. (2006). //The modern Arabic literary language: Lexical and stylistic developments//. Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press.\\
 +  * Versteegh, K. (2001). //The Arabic language//. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.\\
-===== Books ===== 
- 
-Stetkevych, J. (2006). //The modern Arabic literary language: Lexical and stylistic developments//. Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press.\\ 
-Versteegh, K. (2001). //The Arabic language//. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.\\ 
---- ----
//Student Contributors for this page: Claire Barnes, Katy Brandt, & Devin Dolan; Winter 2010// //Student Contributors for this page: Claire Barnes, Katy Brandt, & Devin Dolan; Winter 2010//
- +~~DISCUSSION:off~~
-~~DISCUSSION:on~~+
 
arabic.1268155320.txt.gz · Last modified: 2010/03/09 09:22 by larakelian
 
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