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| Who are the [[Khmer]]? | Who are the [[Khmer]]? | ||
| - | Khmers are descendants of the Angkor Empire that extended over much of Southeast Asia during the 10th and 13th centuries. Ninety percent of the population of Cambodia consider themselves to be Khmer as do minorities in neighboring countries such as Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos. The Khmer language is the official language of Cambodia. | + | Khmers are descendants of the Angkor Empire that extended over much of Southeast Asia during the 10th and 13th centuries. Ninety percent of the population of Cambodia consider themselves to be Khmer as do minorities in neighboring countries such as [[Thailand]], [[Vietnam]], and Laos. The Khmer language is the official language of Cambodia. |
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| - | Cambodia (which is formally known as the Kingdom of Cambodia and informally as Kampuchea) is a country located in Southeastern Asia. | + | [[Cambodia]] (which is formally known as the Kingdom of Cambodia and informally as Kampuchea) is a country located in Southeastern Asia. |
| • | • | ||
| - | It borders the Gulf of Thailand, and is situated between Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos. | + | It borders the Gulf of Thailand, and is situated between [[Thailand]], [[Vietnam]], and Laos. |
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| The population of Cambodia is estimated to be roughly 14 million. It is estimated that 33% of the population is under 14 years of age, 64% of the population is aged between 15 and 64 years of age with only 4% aged over 65 years. In 2009, the mean average age of a Cambodian national was estimated to be 22.1 years of age, the average life expectancy was 62.1 years, and the average total fertility rate was estimated to be 3.04 children for every Cambodian woman. | The population of Cambodia is estimated to be roughly 14 million. It is estimated that 33% of the population is under 14 years of age, 64% of the population is aged between 15 and 64 years of age with only 4% aged over 65 years. In 2009, the mean average age of a Cambodian national was estimated to be 22.1 years of age, the average life expectancy was 62.1 years, and the average total fertility rate was estimated to be 3.04 children for every Cambodian woman. | ||
| ((Retrieved from CIA World Factbook: <https://www.cia.gov/index.html>)) | ((Retrieved from CIA World Factbook: <https://www.cia.gov/index.html>)) | ||
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| • In October 2004, King Norodom Sihanouk abdicated the throne and his son, Prince Norodom Sihamoni, was selected to succeed him. In both April 2007 and July 2008, local elections were held in Cambodia and both were relatively peaceful. | • In October 2004, King Norodom Sihanouk abdicated the throne and his son, Prince Norodom Sihamoni, was selected to succeed him. In both April 2007 and July 2008, local elections were held in Cambodia and both were relatively peaceful. | ||
| ((Retrieved from Wikipedia, <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia>)) | ((Retrieved from Wikipedia, <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia>)) | ||
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| ===== Politics of Cambodia ===== | ===== Politics of Cambodia ===== | ||
| - | • Cambodia is a multiparty democracy under a constitutional monarchy. Politically, it is composed of 23 provinces (or khett) and 1 municipality (or krong). | + | • Cambodia is a multiparty democracy under a constitutional monarchy. It is composed of 23 provinces (or khett) and 1 municipality (or krong). |
| - | • The Executive branch of government is made up of the Chief of State and King and the head of government termed the Prime Minister along with a Council of Ministers named by the prime minister and appointed by the monarch. The king is chosen by a council drawn from all eligible males of royal descent. A member of the elected majority party or majority coalition is named prime minister and appointed by the king. The age of suffrage in Cambodia is 18 years. | + | • The Executive Branch of government is made up of the Chief of State and King, the head of government (termed the Prime Minister), along with a Council of Ministers named by the prime minister and appointed by the monarch. The king is chosen by a council drawn from all eligible males of royal descent. A member of the elected majority party or majority coalition is named prime minister and appointed by the king. The age of suffrage in Cambodia is 18 years. |
| • The legislative branch of the government consists of the Senate (61 seats) and the National Assembly (123 seats). The judicial branch consists of the Supreme Council of the Magistracy and a Supreme Court (along with lower courts). | • The legislative branch of the government consists of the Senate (61 seats) and the National Assembly (123 seats). The judicial branch consists of the Supreme Council of the Magistracy and a Supreme Court (along with lower courts). | ||
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| • The main political parties are the Cambodian People's Party (CPP), the Human Rights Party (HRP), the National United Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful, and Cooperative Cambodia (FUNCINPEC), the Norodom Ranariddh Party (NRP) and the Sam Rangsi Party (SRP) | • The main political parties are the Cambodian People's Party (CPP), the Human Rights Party (HRP), the National United Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful, and Cooperative Cambodia (FUNCINPEC), the Norodom Ranariddh Party (NRP) and the Sam Rangsi Party (SRP) | ||
| ((Retrieved from Wikipedia, <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia>)) | ((Retrieved from Wikipedia, <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia>)) | ||
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| ===== Education in Cambodia ===== | ===== Education in Cambodia ===== | ||
| - | • Traditionally, education was only offered to males only through the wats (Buddhist temples). After independence in 1953, Cambodia had a universal free educational system. | + | • Prior to independence in 1953, education was only offered to males only through the wats (Buddhist temples). After independence, Cambodia had a universal free educational system. |
| • However, in 1975 the Khmer Rouge abolished education. Schools and universities were closed. Large numbers of qualified teachers, researchers and technicians either fled the country or were killed. | • However, in 1975 the Khmer Rouge abolished education. Schools and universities were closed. Large numbers of qualified teachers, researchers and technicians either fled the country or were killed. | ||
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| • In 1979, the new Cambodian government rebuilt the entire educational system. While the country promotes free compulsory education for nine years for all children, there is a shortage of qualified teaching staff, poor morale due to low salary levels and lack of suitable teaching materials. Attendance at school remains limited in rural areas since children are often expected to stay at home and help their families in the fields. | • In 1979, the new Cambodian government rebuilt the entire educational system. While the country promotes free compulsory education for nine years for all children, there is a shortage of qualified teaching staff, poor morale due to low salary levels and lack of suitable teaching materials. Attendance at school remains limited in rural areas since children are often expected to stay at home and help their families in the fields. | ||
| - | • Cambodia has a low participation rate in higher education, with just 1.2 percent of the population enrolled, compared with an average of 20.7 percent in neighboring countries. | + | • According to latest estimates (2004), around 73.6% of the total population is literate (84.7% of males and 64.1% of females). |
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| + | • Cambodia spends 1.7% of its GDP on education. In comparison, the US spends 7% of its GDP on education, the UK about 5.7% and Germany 4.5%. ((Retrieved from National Center for Education Statistics, <http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/international/IntlIndicators/index.asp?SectionNumber=1&SubSectionNumber=3&IndicatorNumber=101>)) | ||
| + | ((Retrieved from Wikipedia, <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia>)) | ||
| - | • Cambodia spends 1.7% of its GDP on education. According to latest estimates (2004) around 73.6% of the total population is literate (84.7% of males and 64.1% of females). | ||
| - | ===== Religon in Cambodia ===== | + | ===== Religion in Cambodia ===== |
| Buddhist 96.4%, Muslim 2.1%, other 1.3%, unspecified 0.2% according to the 1998 census. | Buddhist 96.4%, Muslim 2.1%, other 1.3%, unspecified 0.2% according to the 1998 census. | ||
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| Long Beach, CA has the highest density of Cambodian-Americans in the U.S. with an estimated 36,233 individuals. Boston, MA has around 17,301 Cambodian-Americans with most concentrated in the former industrial towns of Lowell and Lynn. | Long Beach, CA has the highest density of Cambodian-Americans in the U.S. with an estimated 36,233 individuals. Boston, MA has around 17,301 Cambodian-Americans with most concentrated in the former industrial towns of Lowell and Lynn. | ||
| ((Retrieved from Wikipedia, <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia>)) | ((Retrieved from Wikipedia, <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia>)) | ||
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| ===== Khmer population in Oregon ===== | ===== Khmer population in Oregon ===== | ||
| - | In the early eighties, thirteen Cambodian refugee families were placed in Oregon. ((Retrieved from Cambodian American Community of Oregon, <http://www.cacoregon.org/>)) | + | In the early 1980s, 13 Cambodian refugee families were placed in Oregon. ((Retrieved from Cambodian American Community of Oregon, <http://www.cacoregon.org/>)) |
| As of 2008, there are estimated to be a little over 5,000 Cambodian-American in the state. Cambodians in the Portland metro area are concentrated in Southeast and North Portland, Washington and Clackamas counties, and southwest Washington. | As of 2008, there are estimated to be a little over 5,000 Cambodian-American in the state. Cambodians in the Portland metro area are concentrated in Southeast and North Portland, Washington and Clackamas counties, and southwest Washington. | ||
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| ====== Khmer Culture ====== | ====== Khmer Culture ====== | ||
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| ===== Birth and Death ===== | ===== Birth and Death ===== | ||
| - | • The birth of a child is highly celebrated in Khmer culture. Traditional belief holds that pregnancy and childbirth expose the mother and child to potential harm from the spirit world. In Khmer culture, a pregnant woman avoids certain situations and food taboos in order to warn off harm from the spirit world. | + | • The birth of a child is highly celebrated in Khmer culture. Traditional belief holds that pregnancy and childbirth expose the mother and child to potential harm from the spirit world. In Khmer culture, a pregnant woman avoids certain situations and food taboos in order to ward off harm from the spirit world. |
| - | • Due to widespread belief in the Buddhist concept of reincarnation, death is not viewed as the end of life but rather as the beginning of another and thus grief is more contained that is usually seen in Western culture. The Khmer usually dress the corpse and place it in a coffin which is decorated with flowers. A funeral procession consisting of family, friends and Buddhist monks accompany the coffin to the crematorium. The Khmer usually cremate their dead. The spouse and children of the dead show their mourning by shaving their heads and wearing white. | + | • Due to widespread belief in the Buddhist concept of reincarnation, death is not viewed as the end of life but rather as the beginning of another. Thus grief is more contained than is usually seen in Western culture. The Khmer usually dress the corpse and place it in a coffin which is decorated with flowers. A funeral procession consisting of family, friends and Buddhist monks accompany the coffin to the crematorium. The Khmer usually cremate their dead. The spouse and children of the dead show their mourning by shaving their heads and wearing white. |
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| • Boys are expected to help with farm work under the supervision of older males. During his early teens, a boy may serve as a novice Buddhist monk, which is a great honor for the parents. | • Boys are expected to help with farm work under the supervision of older males. During his early teens, a boy may serve as a novice Buddhist monk, which is a great honor for the parents. | ||
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| ===== Marriage/Divorce ===== | ===== Marriage/Divorce ===== | ||
| - | • In Cambodia, premarital sex is frowned upon. Choosing a spouse is a complex family undertaking that may involve the services of a professional matchmaker. The average age of marriage for males is somewhere between the ages of nineteen and twenty-five and for females between the ages of sixteen and twenty-two. | + | • In Cambodia, premarital sex is frowned upon. Choosing a spouse is a complex family undertaking that may involve the services of a professional matchmaker. The average age of marriage for males is somewhere between the ages of 19 and 25 and for females between the ages of 16 and 22. |
| • The traditional Khmer wedding is a very elaborate event. Usually, it runs for a day and a half. The wedding service is officiated over by Buddhist priests who offer a sermon and prayers of blessing. The ceremony involves a combination of Khmer rituals such the tying of cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride's and groom's wrists, and passing a candle around a circle of happily married couples to bless the union and cutting the bride and grooms hair. A banquet is held after the wedding service. | • The traditional Khmer wedding is a very elaborate event. Usually, it runs for a day and a half. The wedding service is officiated over by Buddhist priests who offer a sermon and prayers of blessing. The ceremony involves a combination of Khmer rituals such the tying of cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride's and groom's wrists, and passing a candle around a circle of happily married couples to bless the union and cutting the bride and grooms hair. A banquet is held after the wedding service. | ||
| - | • While divorce is legal it is not common in Khmer culture as divorced individuals are viewed with disapproval. Divorced individuals may remarry, but the woman must wait ten months. Custody of minor children is usually given to the mother, and both parents continue to have an obligation to contribute financially toward the rearing and education of any children from the union. | + | • While divorce is legal, it is not common in Khmer culture as divorced individuals are viewed with disapproval. Divorced individuals may remarry, but the woman must wait 10 months. Custody of minor children is usually given to the mother, and both parents continue to have an obligation to contribute financially toward the rearing and education of any children from the union. |
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| ===== Social Interactions ===== | ===== Social Interactions ===== | ||
| - | • Social relationships in Khmer culture are not egalitarian but highly hierarchical. Within the family, social rank depends upon birth order and gender. Outside the family unit, social rank depends upon a combination of the following: age, gender, wealth, religion and political position. In many social situations, the Khmer organize their daily interactions with others by attaching themselves to someone higher in the social hierarchy. This is known as a mutually beneficial patron-client relationship. The patron uses his influence to help his client whereas the client in turn provides loyalty and service over time. The only way to get something that is beyond your capacity is to attach yourself to a superior. Clients may switch back and forth between patrons over time and for different needs. The shifting of allegiances is seen as normal. However, an individual’s rank can change over their lifetime depending upon how through their actions, they gain or lose “merit”. The Khmer social order is highly influenced by Theravada Buddhist principles regarding selfless, the extinction of desire, Karma, dharma and rebirth. | + | • Social relationships in Khmer culture are not egalitarian but highly hierarchical. Within the family, social rank depends upon birth order and gender. Outside the family unit, social rank depends upon a combination of the following: age, gender, wealth, religion and political position. In many social situations, the Khmer organize their daily interactions with others by attaching themselves to someone higher in the social hierarchy. This is known as a mutually beneficial patron-client relationship. The patron uses his influence to help his client whereas the client in turn provides loyalty and service over time. The only way to get something that is beyond your capacity is to attach yourself to a superior. Clients may switch back and forth between patrons over time and for different needs. The shifting of allegiances is seen as normal. However, an individual’s rank can change over their lifetime depending upon how through their actions, they gain or lose “merit.” The Khmer social order is highly influenced by Theravada Buddhist principles regarding selflessness, the extinction of desire, Karma, dharma and rebirth. |
| • The Khmer culture is highly collective and the individual always takes second place to the group regardless if it is a family, neighborhood or company. | • The Khmer culture is highly collective and the individual always takes second place to the group regardless if it is a family, neighborhood or company. | ||
| - | • The concept of face also ties into this collective framework. The notition of "face" roughly translates into honor, dignity or personal reputation. An individual can "lose face" when they are criticized, embarrassed or shamed in public. Protecting one's reputation or "face" and the reputation or "face" of another is highly important in all social interactions. | + | • The concept of face also ties into this collective framework. The notiion of "face" roughly translates into honor, dignity or personal reputation. An individual can "lose face" when they are criticized, embarrassed or shamed in public. Protecting one's reputation or "face" and the reputation or "face" of another is highly important in all social interactions. |
| ((Retrieved from Ledgerwood, J. (2010) Cambodian Recent History and Contemporary Society: An Introductory Course, <http://www.seasite.niu.edu/khmer/Ledgerwood/Contents.htm>)) | ((Retrieved from Ledgerwood, J. (2010) Cambodian Recent History and Contemporary Society: An Introductory Course, <http://www.seasite.niu.edu/khmer/Ledgerwood/Contents.htm>)) | ||
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| ===== Khmer Holidays and Celebrations ===== | ===== Khmer Holidays and Celebrations ===== | ||
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| //Victory Over Genocide Day// (January 7th) commemorates the end of the brutal Khmer Rouge regime in 1979. | //Victory Over Genocide Day// (January 7th) commemorates the end of the brutal Khmer Rouge regime in 1979. | ||
| - | //Cambodian New Years Day// (moveable usually early April) is the most important festival in the Cambodian calendar. | + | //Cambodian New Years Day// (date varies, but usually early April) is the most important festival in the Cambodian calendar. |
| - | //Visakh Bochea Day// (moveable usually May or April) commemorates the birth, enlightenment and death of the Buddha. | + | //Visakh Bochea Day// (date varies, but usually May or April) commemorates the birth, enlightenment and death of the Buddha. |
| //Constitution Day// (September 24th) commemorates the day that the Cambodian King signed the constitution. | //Constitution Day// (September 24th) commemorates the day that the Cambodian King signed the constitution. | ||
| - | //Feast of the Ancestors// (moveable usually in September or October) is a religious holiday for Cambodian Buddhists who pay respect to their dead by cooking meals for Buddhist monks and making offerings to the "spirits" of deceased relatives. | + | //Feast of the Ancestors// (date varies, but usually in September or October) is a religious holiday for Cambodian Buddhists who pay respect to their dead by cooking meals for Buddhist monks and making offerings to the "spirits" of deceased relatives. |
| - | //Water/Moon Festival// (moveable usually in November) is holiday that celebrates with the rivers in Cambodia reversed course. | + | //Water/Moon Festival// (date varies, but usually in November) is holiday that celebrates with the rivers in Cambodia reversed course. |
| ((Retrieved from Wikipedia, <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Cambodia>)) | ((Retrieved from Wikipedia, <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Cambodia>)) | ||
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| • Another distinctive taste in Khmer cuisine is a fermented fish paste called prahok which appears in many dishes or is used as a dipping sauce. Fruits also feature frequently in the Cambodian diet. The most popular include mangos, pineapple, watermelon, coconuts and papaya and typically are served as desserts, drinks or shakes. | • Another distinctive taste in Khmer cuisine is a fermented fish paste called prahok which appears in many dishes or is used as a dipping sauce. Fruits also feature frequently in the Cambodian diet. The most popular include mangos, pineapple, watermelon, coconuts and papaya and typically are served as desserts, drinks or shakes. | ||
| ((Retrieved from Wikipedia, <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia>)) | ((Retrieved from Wikipedia, <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia>)) | ||
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| The abugida is known in Khmer as Aksar Khmer. Khmer differs from neighboring languages such as Thai, Lao and Vietnamese in that it is not a tonal language. | The abugida is known in Khmer as Aksar Khmer. Khmer differs from neighboring languages such as Thai, Lao and Vietnamese in that it is not a tonal language. | ||
| ((Retrieved from Wikipedia, <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_language>)) | ((Retrieved from Wikipedia, <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_language>)) | ||
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| ===== History ===== | ===== History ===== | ||
| - | The history of the Khmer language is usually divided into four periods: | + | The history of the Khmer/Cambodian language is usually divided into four periods: |
| • Pre-Angkorian: incompletely known from isolated words and phrases in otherwise Sanskrit texts. | • Pre-Angkorian: incompletely known from isolated words and phrases in otherwise Sanskrit texts. | ||
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| The most common word structure in Khmer is a full syllable, which may be preceded by an unstressed, “minor” syllable that has a consonant-vowel structure of CV-, CrV-, CVN- or CrVN- (N is any nasal in the Khmer inventory). The vowel in these preceding syllables is usually reduced in conversation to [ə], however in careful or formal speech and in TV and radio, they are always clearly articulated. | The most common word structure in Khmer is a full syllable, which may be preceded by an unstressed, “minor” syllable that has a consonant-vowel structure of CV-, CrV-, CVN- or CrVN- (N is any nasal in the Khmer inventory). The vowel in these preceding syllables is usually reduced in conversation to [ə], however in careful or formal speech and in TV and radio, they are always clearly articulated. | ||
| Words with three or more syllables exist, particularly those pertaining to science, the arts, and religion. However, these words are loanwords, usually derived from Pali, Sanskrit, or more recently, French.((Retrieved from Wikipedia, <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_language>)) | Words with three or more syllables exist, particularly those pertaining to science, the arts, and religion. However, these words are loanwords, usually derived from Pali, Sanskrit, or more recently, French.((Retrieved from Wikipedia, <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_language>)) | ||
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| ===== Grammar ===== | ===== Grammar ===== | ||
| - | Khmer is generally a Subject Verb Object (SVO) language with prepositions. Lexical derivation by means of prefixes and infixes is common. Adjectives, demonstratives and numerals follow their noun: | + | * Khmer is generally a Subject Verb Object (SVO) language with prepositions. |
| - | The noun has no grammatical gender or singular/plural distinction. Plurality can be marked by post nominal particles, numerals, or by doubling the adjective, which can also serve to intensify the adjective. | + | * Lexical derivation by means of prefixes and infixes is common. |
| - | As is typical of most East Asian languages, the verb does not inflect at all; tense and aspect can be shown by particles and adverbs or understood by context. Verbs are negated by putting "/min/" before them and "/teː/" at the end of the sentence or clause. In normal speech verbs can also be negated without the need for an ending particle by putting "/ʔɐt/" before them. | + | * Adjectives, demonstratives and numerals follow their noun: The noun has no grammatical gender or singular/plural distinction. |
| + | * Plurality can be marked by post nominal particles, numerals, or by doubling the adjective, which can also serve to intensify the adjective. | ||
| + | * As is typical of most East Asian languages, the verb does not inflect at all; tense and aspect can be shown by particles and adverbs or understood by context. | ||
| + | * Verbs are negated by putting "/min/" before them and "/teː/" at the end of the sentence or clause. In normal speech verbs can also be negated without the need for an ending particle by putting "/ʔɐt/" before them. | ||
| ((Retrieved from Wikipedia, <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_language>)) | ((Retrieved from Wikipedia, <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_language>)) | ||
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| - | ===== Language evaluation tools ===== | ||
| - | Language test from ASHA site: | ||
| - | Title: Assessing Asian Language Performance, Second | ||
| - | Edition | ||
| - | Author: Li-Rong Lilly Cheng | + | ===== Language evaluation tools ===== |
| - | Publisher: Academic Communication Associates | + | * A language test available from the ASHA website titled Assessing Asian Language Performance, Second Edition by Li-Rong Lilly Cheng (Publisher: Academic Communication Associates, 1991). It is designed for school-aged children in grades K through 12. It has a resource book in English that contains information about Vietnamese, Cantonese, Mandarin, Japanese, Khmer, Korean, and other languages. It presents important information about cultural differences in the pragmatic uses of language and how these differences affect performance in the school environment. |
| - | Year: 1991 | + | http://www.asha.org/SLP/assessment/Assessing-Asian-Language-Performance,-Second-Edition.htm |
| - | Age range (years): K–12 | + | * The following site provides information for parents and service providers in various languages including Khmer/Cambodian. |
| - | Language(s): Resource book in English that contains information | ||
| - | about Vietnamese, Cantonese, Mandarin, Japanese, | ||
| - | Khmer, Korean, and other languages | ||
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| - | Description: A resource book that provides information needed to conduct assessments in a nondiscriminatory manner. Contains information about Vietnamese, Cantonese, Mandarin, Japanese, Khmer, Korean, and other languages. Presents important information about cultural differences in the pragmatic uses of language and how these differences affect performance in the school environment. | ||
| - | http://www.asha.org/SLP/assessment/Assessing-Asian-Language-Performance,-Second-Edition.htm | ||
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| - | This is a site that provides information for parents and service providers in various languages. | ||
| http://clas.uiuc.edu/special/childfind/index.html | http://clas.uiuc.edu/special/childfind/index.html | ||
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| - | From the above site: | ||
| - | Early intervention is critical | ||
| - | Languages: Arabic, Chinese, Hmong, Italian, Japanese, Khmer, Korean, Laotian, Russian, Spanish, Vietnamese, Yiddish | ||
| - | State: New York | ||
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| - | This brochure is dedicated to raising public awareness of early intervention. It describes available services and how parents could ask for help. On the back of the brochure is a developmental checklist. The material includes milestones from birth through age three. It includes toll-free telephone numbers for further information. | ||
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| ((Retrieved from Kwintessential Cultural Awareness Training, <http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/global-etiquette/cambodia.html>)) | ((Retrieved from Kwintessential Cultural Awareness Training, <http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/global-etiquette/cambodia.html>)) | ||
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| + | The Speech Accent archive from George Mason University presents speech samples from a variety of language backgrounds. Native and non-native speakers of English read the same paragraph and are carefully transcribed. Click on the Khmer link to listen to a number of Khmer speakers of English: | ||
| + | http://accent.gmu.edu/ | ||
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| http://ecap-webserver.crc.uiuc.edu/cgi-bin/clas/viewitem.asp?rp=1&cl=2840 | http://ecap-webserver.crc.uiuc.edu/cgi-bin/clas/viewitem.asp?rp=1&cl=2840 | ||
| - | Brochure in Khmer - Early intervention is critical: | + | Brochure in Khmer - Early intervention is critical: This brochure is dedicated to raising public awareness of early intervention. It describes available services and how parents could ask for help. On the back of the brochure is a developmental checklist. The material includes milestones from birth through age three. It includes toll-free telephone numbers for further information. |
| http://ecap-webserver.crc.uiuc.edu/cgi-bin/clas/viewitem.asp?rp=1&cl=2819 | http://ecap-webserver.crc.uiuc.edu/cgi-bin/clas/viewitem.asp?rp=1&cl=2819 | ||
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| Williams, H. (2008). Recovered identity: Cambodian community in Portland moves beyond the horror of Khmer Rouge killing fields. Retrieved February 18th, 2010 from: http://www.oregonlive.com/clackamascounty/index.ssf/2008/11/recovered_identity_cambodian_c.html | Williams, H. (2008). Recovered identity: Cambodian community in Portland moves beyond the horror of Khmer Rouge killing fields. Retrieved February 18th, 2010 from: http://www.oregonlive.com/clackamascounty/index.ssf/2008/11/recovered_identity_cambodian_c.html | ||
| - | ~~DISCUSSION:on~~ | + | ~~DISCUSSION:off~~ |
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| ====== Student Contributors ====== | ====== Student Contributors ====== | ||
| - | Claire Connell/Janice Johnson | + | Claire Connell/Janice Johnson Winter 2010 |