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| - | ====== I. Population of Chamorro People: ======= | + | ====== INTRODUCTION ====== |
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| - | a. Guam: 65,000 ((http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/island/CNMIprofile.pdf)) | + | The Chamorro people are the indigenous population of the Mariana Islands, including Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Many Chamorro (note there is no “s” on the plural) who live within the U.S., especially along the western seaboard. The term “Chamorro” refers to both the people and to their language. One would say, “I am Chamorro, and I speak Chamorro.” |
| + | |||
| + | ======Population of Chamorro People: ======= | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Guam: 65,000 ((http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/island/CNMIprofile.pdf)) | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI): 14,749 ((http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/island/CNMIprofile.pdf)) | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Oregon: 1,015 ((http://www.spc.int/prism/country/gu/stats/Census/chamorros_in_us.htm)) | ||
| - | b. Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI): 14,749 ((http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/island/CNMIprofile.pdf)) | + | * Washington: 5,823 ((http://www.spc.int/prism/country/gu/stats/Census/chamorros_in_us.htm)) |
| - | c. Oregon: 1,015 ((http://www.spc.int/prism/country/gu/stats/Census/chamorros_in_us.htm)) | + | * California: 20,918 ((http://www.spc.int/prism/country/gu/stats/Census/chamorros_in_us.htm)) |
| - | d. Washington: 5,823 ((http://www.spc.int/prism/country/gu/stats/Census/chamorros_in_us.htm)) | ||
| - | e. California: 20,918 ((http://www.spc.int/prism/country/gu/stats/Census/chamorros_in_us.htm)) | + | ====== Chamorro Culture in General ====== |
| - | ====== II. Chamorro Culture in General ====== | ||
| ===== Religion ===== | ===== Religion ===== | ||
| - | Most Chamorro are Roman Catholic, but belief in spirits and taboos may combine with Catholicism. ((Scheffner Hammer, C. (1994). Working with families of Chamorro and Carolinian cultures. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 3, 5-12)) ((http://geography.about.com/library/cia/blcnmariana.htm))as well as some ancestor worship. ((http://www.janeresture.com/micronesia_chamorro/)) | + | Most Chamorro are Roman Catholic, but belief in spirits and taboos may combine with Catholicism, ((Scheffner Hammer, C. (1994). Working with families of Chamorro and Carolinian cultures. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 3, 5-12)) ((http://geography.about.com/library/cia/blcnmariana.htm))as well as some ancestor worship. ((http://www.janeresture.com/micronesia_chamorro/)) |
| ===== Family ===== | ===== Family ===== | ||
| - | Recently wedded Chamorro couples are expected to live with the groom’s family and start their family within a few years. Usually, children are given set limits within the family, but parents tend to acquiesce to their children’s wishes. Family roles are such that the father has financial decision-making and the mother has child-care and family decision-making. Many families have Filipino maids who also have child-care responsibilities. The extended family is the Chamorro’s ultimate responsibility, as opposed to job, civic duty, etc.((Scheffner Hammer, C. (1994). Working with families of Chamorro and Carolinian cultures. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 3, 5-12)) The structure of the Chamorro family tends to be authoritarian with great respect given to ancestors alive and deceased. ((Pobutsky, A. M. (2001). Economics and fertility: Changing family structure among Chamorros on the island of Guam. History of the Family, 6(1), 95-122.)) | + | Recently wedded Chamorro couples are expected to live with the groom’s family and start their family within a few years. Usually, children are given set limits within the family, but parents tend to acquiesce to their children’s wishes. Family roles are such that the father has financial decision-making and the mother has child-care and family decision-making power. Many families have [[phillippines|Filipino]] maids who also have child-care responsibilities. The extended family is the Chamorro’s ultimate responsibility, as opposed to job, civic duty, etc.((Scheffner Hammer, C. (1994). Working with families of Chamorro and Carolinian cultures. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 3, 5-12)) The structure of the Chamorro family tends to be authoritarian with great respect given to ancestors alive and deceased. ((Pobutsky, A. M. (2001). Economics and fertility: Changing family structure among Chamorros on the island of Guam. History of the Family, 6(1), 95-122.)) |
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | ====== Populations of Chamorro People ====== | ||
| - | ====== III. Populations of Chamorro People ====== | ||
| - | ===== 1. Guam ===== | + | =====Guam ===== |
| - | **a. Flag and map** ((http://www.infoplease.com/atlas/pacificislandsandaustralia.html)) ((http://www.guamflag.org/)) | + | * **Flag and map** ((http://www.infoplease.com/atlas/pacificislandsandaustralia.html)) ((http://www.guamflag.org/)) |
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| - | **b. Geography:** Guam is some 30 miles long and 12-4 miles wide and was formed by the joining of two volcanoes. ((http://ns.gov.gu/geography.html)) | + | * **Geography:** Guam is some 30 miles long and 12-4 miles wide and was formed by the joining of two volcanoes. ((http://ns.gov.gu/geography.html)) |
| - | **c. Brief history of Guam in relation to the US:** As part of the Treaty of Paris that ended the Spanish American War in 1898, Guam came under control of the US. In 1950, Guam became a territory of the US. ((http://www.census.gov/population/www/proas/pr_ia_hist.html)) ((Perez, M. P. (2002). Pacific identities beyond US racial formations: The case of Chamorro ambivalence and flux. Social Identities, 8(3), 457-479.)) ((Pobutsky, A. M. (2001). Economics and fertility: Changing family structure among Chamorros on the island of Guam. History of the Family, 6(1), 95-122.)) Because Guam is across the International Dateline, it is one day ahead of the US mainland and has as its motto “Where America’s Day Begins.” | + | * **Brief history of Guam in relation to the US:** As part of the Treaty of Paris that ended the Spanish American War in 1898, Guam came under control of the US. In 1950, Guam became a territory of the US. ((http://www.census.gov/population/www/proas/pr_ia_hist.html)) ((Perez, M. P. (2002). Pacific identities beyond US racial formations: The case of Chamorro ambivalence and flux. Social Identities, 8(3), 457-479.)) ((Pobutsky, A. M. (2001). Economics and fertility: Changing family structure among Chamorros on the island of Guam. History of the Family, 6(1), 95-122.)) Because Guam is across the International Dateline, it is one day ahead of the US mainland and has as its motto “Where America’s Day Begins.” |
| - | **d. Nationality of Chamorro of Guam:** As everyone born on Guam, the Chamorro are US citizens. ((Perez, M. P. (2002). Pacific identities beyond US racial formations: The case of Chamorro ambivalence and flux. Social Identities, 8(3), 457-479.)) Chamorro are the indigenous people of Guam. | + | * ** Nationality of Chamorro of Guam:** As everyone born on Guam, the Chamorro are US citizens. ((Perez, M. P. (2002). Pacific identities beyond US racial formations: The case of Chamorro ambivalence and flux. Social Identities, 8(3), 457-479.)) Chamorro are the indigenous people of Guam. |
| - | **e. Demographics:** In 2000 the US Census Bureau estimated Guam’s total population at 154,805 ((http://www.spc.int/prism/country/gu/stats/Census/chamorros_in_us.htm)) ((http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_)). The population is composed of Chamorro (37.1%); Filipino (25.5%), Caucasian (10%), other (Chinese, Japanes, and Korean mostly)(27.4%). ((http://www.spc.int/prism/country/gu/stats/Census/chamorros_in_us.htm)) ((https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gq.html)) | + | * **Demographics:** In 2000 the US Census Bureau estimated Guam’s total population at 154,805 ((http://www.spc.int/prism/country/gu/stats/Census/chamorros_in_us.htm)) ((http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_)). The population is composed of Chamorro (37.1%); [[phillippines|Filipino]] (25.5%), Caucasian (10%), other ([[China|Chinese]], [[japanese|Japanese]], and [[south_korea|South Korean]] mostly)(27.4%). ((http://www.spc.int/prism/country/gu/stats/Census/chamorros_in_us.htm)) ((https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gq.html)) |
| - | **f. Culture:** The original Chamorro inhabitants of Guam are believed to have arrived on the island from Southeast Asian around 2000 BC. Guam was under the control of Spain for centuries (1565-1898) and was heavily influenced by the Spanish religion, language, food, and dress. Currently, Guam is heavily influenced by the American culture. ((http://www.census.gov/population/www/proas/pr_ia_hist.html)) ((http://www.guam-online.com/history/history.htm)) ((Perez, M. P. (2002). Pacific identities beyond US racial formations: The case of Chamorro ambivalence and flux. Social Identities, 8(3), 457-479.)) ((Pobutsky, A. M. (2001). Economics and fertility: Changing family structure among Chamorros on the island of Guam. History of the Family, 6(1), 95-122.)) | + | * **Culture:** The original Chamorro inhabitants of Guam are believed to have arrived on the island from Southeast Asian around 2000 BC. Guam was under the control of Spain for centuries (1565-1898) and was heavily influenced by the Spanish religion, language, food, and dress. Currently, Guam is heavily influenced by the American culture. ((http://www.census.gov/population/www/proas/pr_ia_hist.html)) ((http://www.guam-online.com/history/history.htm)) ((Perez, M. P. (2002). Pacific identities beyond US racial formations: The case of Chamorro ambivalence and flux. Social Identities, 8(3), 457-479.)) ((Pobutsky, A. M. (2001). Economics and fertility: Changing family structure among Chamorros on the island of Guam. History of the Family, 6(1), 95-122.)) |
| - | **g. Languages:** As of the 2000 census, languages spoken on Guam included English 38.3%, Chamorro 22.2%, Philippine languages 22.2%, other Pacific island languages 6.8%, Asian languages 7%, other languages 3.5%. ((https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gq.html)) | + | * **Languages:** As of the 2000 census, languages spoken on Guam included English 38.3%, Chamorro 22.2%, [[phillippines#language|Philippine]] languages 22.2%, other Pacific island languages 6.8%, Asian languages 7%, other languages 3.5%. ((https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gq.html)) |
| - | ===== 2. Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) ===== | ||
| - | **a. Flag and map** ((http://www.infoplease.com/atlas/state/northernmarianaislands.html)) ((http://www.cnmi-guide.com/info/main.html)) | + | =====Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) ===== |
| + | |||
| + | * **Flag and map** ((http://www.infoplease.com/atlas/state/northernmarianaislands.html)) ((http://www.cnmi-guide.com/info/main.html)) | ||
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| - | **b. Geography:** The Mariana Islands were formed by underwater volcanoes. Some of the world’s oldest coral reefs encircle the islands. ((http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/wallpaper/mariana-trench-monument.html)) CNMI consists of three main islands -- Saipan, Tinian, and Rota -- and 11 other small islands and atolls ((Scheffner Hammer, C. (1994). Working with families of Chamorro and Carolinian cultures. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 3, 5-12)). The CNMI is some 3,000 miles west of Hawaii. ((Scheffner Hammer, C. (1994). Working with families of Chamorro and Carolinian cultures. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 3, 5-12)) Saipan lies about 125 miles northeast of Guam, but southernmost Rota is less than 50 miles from Guam. ((http://www.census.gov/population/www/proas/pr_ia_hist.html)) ((Bowe, J. (2007). Nobodies: Modern American slave labor and the dark side of the new global economy. New York: Random House.)) | + | * **Geography:** The Mariana Islands were formed by underwater volcanoes. Some of the world’s oldest coral reefs encircle the islands. ((http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/wallpaper/mariana-trench-monument.html)) CNMI consists of three main islands -- Saipan, Tinian, and Rota -- and 11 other small islands and atolls ((Scheffner Hammer, C. (1994). Working with families of Chamorro and Carolinian cultures. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 3, 5-12)). The CNMI is some 3,000 miles west of Hawaii. ((Scheffner Hammer, C. (1994). Working with families of Chamorro and Carolinian cultures. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 3, 5-12)) Saipan lies about 125 miles northeast of Guam, but southernmost Rota is less than 50 miles from Guam. ((http://www.census.gov/population/www/proas/pr_ia_hist.html)) ((Bowe, J. (2007). Nobodies: Modern American slave labor and the dark side of the new global economy. New York: Random House.)) |
| - | **c. Brief history of CNMI in relation to the US:** The CNMI was under the United Nations Trust Territory of the Pacific until 1972. In 1975 the people of the CNMI voted to become a commonwealth of the US. The covenant between the US and the newly formed CNMI began in 1976, and the CNMI’s new government and constitution began in 1978. ((Bowe, J. (2007). Nobodies: Modern American slave labor and the dark side of the new global economy. New York: Random House.)) ((https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cq.html)) | + | * **Brief history of CNMI in relation to the US:** The CNMI was under the United Nations Trust Territory of the Pacific until 1972. In 1975 the people of the CNMI voted to become a commonwealth of the US. The covenant between the US and the newly formed CNMI began in 1976, and the CNMI’s new government and constitution began in 1978. ((Bowe, J. (2007). Nobodies: Modern American slave labor and the dark side of the new global economy. New York: Random House.)) ((https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cq.html)) |
| - | **d. Nationality of Chamorro of CNMI:** As everyone born on the islands, the Chamorro are US citizens. Chamorro are the indigenous people of the CNMI. ((Bowe, J. (2007). Nobodies: Modern American slave labor and the dark side of the new global economy. New York: Random House.)) | + | * **Nationality of Chamorro of CNMI:** As everyone born on the islands, the Chamorro are US citizens. Chamorro are the indigenous people of the CNMI. ((Bowe, J. (2007). Nobodies: Modern American slave labor and the dark side of the new global economy. New York: Random House.)) |
| - | **e. Demographics:** Population of CNMI (all nationalities) is 62,396. Major populations include Filipino (26.1%), Chinese (24.1%), Chamorro (18.7%), Chamorro and other (6.0%), Carolinian (4.2%), Carolinian and other (3.2%), Palauan (2.6%), Chuukese (2.2%), White (1.8%), and Bangladeshi (1.1%). ((http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/island/CNMIprofile.pdf)) ((http://www.spc.int/prism/country/gu/stats/Census/chamorros_in_us.htm)) | + | * **Demographics:** Population of CNMI (all nationalities) is 62,396. Major populations include [[phillippines|Filipino]] (26.1%), [[China|Chinese]] (24.1%), Chamorro (18.7%), Chamorro and other (6.0%), Carolinian (4.2%), Carolinian and other (3.2%), Palauan (2.6%), Chuukese (2.2%), White (1.8%), and Bangladeshi (1.1%). ((http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/island/CNMIprofile.pdf)) ((http://www.spc.int/prism/country/gu/stats/Census/chamorros_in_us.htm)) |
| - | **f. Culture:** The indigenous Chamorro culture has been influenced by nations that have dominated CNMI beginning with the Spanish in the 1500s, Germany (1899-1941), Japan (1941-1944), and the United States (1944-Present). ((Scheffner Hammer, C. (1994). Working with families of Chamorro and Carolinian cultures. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 3, 5-12)) ((Bowe, J. (2007). Nobodies: Modern American slave labor and the dark side of the new global economy. New York: Random House.)) | + | * **Culture:** The indigenous Chamorro culture has been influenced by nations that have dominated CNMI beginning with the Spanish in the 1500s, [[Germany|Germany]] (1899-1941), [[Japanese|Japan]] (1941-1944), and the [[United_States|United States]] (1944-Present). ((Scheffner Hammer, C. (1994). Working with families of Chamorro and Carolinian cultures. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 3, 5-12)) ((Bowe, J. (2007). Nobodies: Modern American slave labor and the dark side of the new global economy. New York: Random House.)) |
| - | **g. Languages:** English is the official language of the workplace and school. ((http://www.census.gov/population/www/proas/pr_ia_hist.html)) ((Scheffner Hammer, C. (1994). Working with families of Chamorro and Carolinian cultures. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 3, 5-12)) ((http://www.pss.cnmi.mp/PSSCentralOffice/index2.cfm)) ((Bowe, J. (2007). Nobodies: Modern American slave labor and the dark side of the new global economy. New York: Random House.)) Chamorro is spoken in 20% of homes ((http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/island/CNMIprofile.pdf)) and is a required course in CNMI public schools. ((http://www.pss.cnmi.mp/PSSCentralOffice/index2.cfm)) ((http://geography.about.com/library/cia/blcnmariana.htm)) | + | * **Languages:** English is the official language of the workplace and school. ((http://www.census.gov/population/www/proas/pr_ia_hist.html)) ((Scheffner Hammer, C. (1994). Working with families of Chamorro and Carolinian cultures. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 3, 5-12)) ((http://www.pss.cnmi.mp/PSSCentralOffice/index2.cfm)) ((Bowe, J. (2007). Nobodies: Modern American slave labor and the dark side of the new global economy. New York: Random House.)) Chamorro is spoken in 20% of homes ((http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/island/CNMIprofile.pdf)) and is a required course in CNMI public schools. ((http://www.pss.cnmi.mp/PSSCentralOffice/index2.cfm)) ((http://geography.about.com/library/cia/blcnmariana.htm)) |
| - | ===== 3. Migration to the US ===== | + | |
| + | =====Migration to the US ===== | ||
| Chamorro migration to the US may be for the following reasons: enlisting in the military, furthering economic gain, pursuing education opportunities, and joining extended families. ((Perez, M. P. (2002). Pacific identities beyond US racial formations: The case of Chamorro ambivalence and flux. Social Identities, 8(3), 457-479.)) | Chamorro migration to the US may be for the following reasons: enlisting in the military, furthering economic gain, pursuing education opportunities, and joining extended families. ((Perez, M. P. (2002). Pacific identities beyond US racial formations: The case of Chamorro ambivalence and flux. Social Identities, 8(3), 457-479.)) | ||
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| - | ====== IV. Chamorro language ====== | ||
| - | **a. Classification:** Chamorro is an Austronesian language and is part of a broad grouping of languages that linguists suspect originated in Southern China and spread into islands southeast of Asia via Taiwan sometime around 4000 B.C. ((http://www.janeresture.com/micronesia_chamorro/)) | + | ======Chamorro language ====== |
| - | **b. Semantics:** Many words within the Chamorro language are of Spanish origin (70%). ((http://www.omniglot.com/writing/chamorro.htm)) | + | * **Classification:** Chamorro is an Austronesian language and is part of a broad grouping of languages that linguists suspect originated in Southern [[China|China]] and spread into islands southeast of Asia via [[taiwan|Taiwan]], sometime around 4000 B.C. ((http://www.janeresture.com/micronesia_chamorro/)) |
| - | **c. Syntax:** Sentence structure of Chamorro places verbs first. ((Chung, S. (2004). Restructuring and verb-initial order in Chamorro. Syntax, 7(3), 199-233.)) | + | * **Semantics:** Many words within the Chamorro language are of [[spanish|Spanish]] origin (70%). ((http://www.omniglot.com/writing/chamorro.htm)) |
| - | **d. Oral language tradition:** The Chamorro have a culture that emphasizes oral language as opposed to printed language. ((Scheffner Hammer, C. (1994). Working with families of Chamorro and Carolinian cultures. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 3, 5-12)) | + | * **Syntax:** Sentence structure of Chamorro places verbs first. ((Chung, S. (2004). Restructuring and verb-initial order in Chamorro. Syntax, 7(3), 199-233.)) |
| - | **e. Alphabet:** Chamorro is an Austronesian language and contains many words of Spanish origin, which has lead to the mistaken belief that Chamorro is a Spanish Creole. ((http://www.janeresture.com/micronesia_chamorro/)) Chamorro first started to appear in writing in 1668 when Father San Vitores, a missionary, devised a spelling system the Chamorro language using the Latin alphabet. ((http://www.omniglot.com/writing/chamorro.htm)) | + | * **Oral language tradition:** The Chamorro have a culture that emphasizes oral language as opposed to printed language. ((Scheffner Hammer, C. (1994). Working with families of Chamorro and Carolinian cultures. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 3, 5-12)) |
| + | |||
| + | * **Alphabet:** Chamorro is an Austronesian language and contains many words of [[spanish|Spanish]] origin, which has lead to the mistaken belief that Chamorro is a Spanish Creole. ((http://www.janeresture.com/micronesia_chamorro/)) Chamorro first started to appear in writing in 1668 when Father San Vitores, a missionary, devised a spelling system the Chamorro language using the Latin alphabet. ((http://www.omniglot.com/writing/chamorro.htm)) | ||
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| - | ====== V. SLP Considerations ====== | + | |
| + | ====== SLP Considerations ====== | ||
| ===== Language Considerations: ===== | ===== Language Considerations: ===== | ||
| - | Most older adult Chamorro are monolingual in Chamorro. Their children tend to be either monolingual or bilingual in Chamorro and English. Younger adults still and children oftentimes are multilingual in Chamorro, English, and the language of the Filipino maid (which is usually Tagalog) or any other language of the various non-Chamorro with whom they come into contact. ((http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/island/CNMIprofile.pdf)) Therefore, it may be difficult to determine the client’s primary language. SLP assessment procedures should rely upon “informal, naturalistic testing procedures, and on parent and teacher reports”. ((Scheffner Hammer, C. (1994). Working with families of Chamorro and Carolinian cultures. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 3, 5-12)) Many Chamorro on Guam believe that the indigenous people should return to their native language. As a result, there is a cultural bias to speak Chamorro. ((Perez, M. P. (2005). Colonialism, Americanization, and indigenous identity: A research note on Chamorro identity in Guam. Sociological Spectrum, 25, 571-591.)) | + | Most older adult Chamorro are monolingual in Chamorro. Their children tend to be either monolingual or bilingual in Chamorro and English. Younger adults still and children oftentimes are multilingual in Chamorro, English, and the language of the Filipino maid (which is usually [[phillippines#language|Tagalog]]) or any other language of the various non-Chamorro with whom they come into contact. ((http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/island/CNMIprofile.pdf)) Therefore, it may be difficult to determine the client’s primary language. SLP assessment procedures should rely upon “informal, naturalistic testing procedures, and on parent and teacher reports”. ((Scheffner Hammer, C. (1994). Working with families of Chamorro and Carolinian cultures. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 3, 5-12)) Many Chamorro on Guam believe that the indigenous people should return to their native language. As a result, there is a cultural bias to speak Chamorro. ((Perez, M. P. (2005). Colonialism, Americanization, and indigenous identity: A research note on Chamorro identity in Guam. Sociological Spectrum, 25, 571-591.)) |
| ===== Non-verbal Considerations: ===== | ===== Non-verbal Considerations: ===== | ||
| - | As opposed to the dominant US culture, the Chamorro use eye contact less often and sustain it for shorter periods of time. A raised eyebrow can be used as a greeting, affirmation, negation, or just an acknowledgement of a statement. ((Scheffner Hammer, C. (1994). Working with families of Chamorro and Carolinian cultures. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 3, 5-12)) The word “yes” may be used as an affirmation to a statement or only that the listener perceives the statement and really means “no.” When compared with US English speakers, Chamorro have more and longer moments of silence in their conversations in which much talk may not be appreciated. ((Scheffner Hammer, C. (1994). Working with families of Chamorro and Carolinian cultures. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 3, 5-12)) | + | In contrast to the dominant US culture, the Chamorro use eye contact less often and sustain it for shorter periods of time. A raised eyebrow can be used as a greeting, affirmation, negation, or just an acknowledgment of a statement. ((Scheffner Hammer, C. (1994). Working with families of Chamorro and Carolinian cultures. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 3, 5-12)) The word “yes” may be used as an affirmation to a statement or only that the listener perceives the statement and really means “no.” When compared with US English speakers, Chamorro have more and longer moments of silence in their conversations in which much talk may not be appreciated. ((Scheffner Hammer, C. (1994). Working with families of Chamorro and Carolinian cultures. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 3, 5-12)) |
| ===== Cultural Considerations: ===== | ===== Cultural Considerations: ===== | ||
| - | Appointments for speech and language services may be missed because of other family commitments, and the SLP might not be notified that the appointment will not be kept. When appointments are kept, Chamorro families may be 15 or more minutes late. Missed and late appointments reflect the culture’s pace of time as being much slower than that in the dominant American culture. In the Chamorro matriarchal culture, the paternal grandmother may have final decision-making responsibilities. Because of the prime importance of the extended family, many members of a client’s family may be present during therapy and should be accommodated. History-taking should include an in-depth oral interview with the major decision-makers in the family, and the SLP should be skilled in interviewing and counseling techniques. If the SLP is not proficient in Chamorro, a skilled interpreter who is familiar with the Chamorro language and culture should be available. Because Chamorro is traditionally an oral language and many Chamorro hesitate to put information into writing, some adults may be wary of signing IEP or IFSP forms. The SLP will need to be able to fully explain the need for their signatures. The SLP may be considered a person of power. Because the Chamorro culture tends to avoid conflict and have a high power distance, the SLP must take care to be aware of non-verbal communication that could indicate discomfort.((Scheffner Hammer, C. (1994). Working with families of Chamorro and Carolinian cultures. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 3, 5-12)) | + | * Appointments for speech and language services may be missed because of other family commitments, and the SLP might not be notified that the appointment will not be kept. |
| + | * When appointments are kept, Chamorro families may be 15 or more minutes late. Missed and late appointments reflect the culture’s pace of time as being much slower than that in the dominant American culture. | ||
| + | * In the Chamorro matriarchal culture, the paternal grandmother may have final decision-making responsibilities. Because of the prime importance of the extended family, many members of a client’s family may be present during therapy and should be accommodated. | ||
| + | * History-taking should include an in-depth oral interview with the major decision-makers in the family, and the SLP should be skilled in interviewing and counseling techniques. | ||
| + | * If the SLP is not proficient in Chamorro, a skilled interpreter who is familiar with the Chamorro language and culture should be available. | ||
| + | * Because Chamorro is traditionally an oral language and many Chamorro hesitate to put information into writing, some adults may be wary of signing IEP or IFSP forms. The SLP will need to be able to fully explain the need for their signatures. | ||
| + | * The SLP may be considered a person of power. Because the Chamorro culture tends to avoid conflict and have a high power distance, the SLP must take care to be aware of non-verbal communication that could indicate discomfort.((Scheffner Hammer, C. (1994). Working with families of Chamorro and Carolinian cultures. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 3, 5-12)) | ||
| + | |||
| - | ====== VI. References and Resources ====== | + | ====== References and Resources ====== |
| Student Contributors for this page: Claire Coudiere and Susie Zuller; Winter 2010 | Student Contributors for this page: Claire Coudiere and Susie Zuller; Winter 2010 | ||
| - | ~~DISCUSSION:on~~ | + | ~~DISCUSSION:off~~ |